Kamis, 09 Maret 2017
Semantics
Semantics is the learning of meaning of the words/ sentences.
Yet, its different from catathroopa. From the examples above, both examples refer to a certain individual or the
Same reference that is 'father'. The phrase 'The man who is my father describes' the father of the blood' and 'the man who married my mother' describes' the step father '.
Meaning
Language is an inportant tools of human being to communicate one
Another. The language, which is used by the human beings as tools of
Communication, indicate a certain meaning. The word "meaning" is simply derived from the word "mean". There are some definitions of meaning as suggested by semanticist. They are as follow:
- Richard (1985: 172) in Saleh (2008) says "Meaning is what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary word.
- Lyons (1977: 4) says "Meaning is a word of ordinary, every day vocabulary of English."
- Bloomfield (1933: 139) defines "Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer."
Linguistics and Speaker Meaning
In general, the linguistic meaning of an expression is simply the meaning
Or meanings of that expression in some form of language. Which is mean that, linguistics is the learn of language.
1. The boy runs
2. The bean plants run
3. Her stockings run
In those example, the word 'run' has more than one linguistics meaning base on the dictionary. Speaker meaning is what a speaker means when producing his or her utterances. Sometimes, the speakers say may say it different from its meaning.
Richard (1985: 134) in Saleh (2008:) says that idiom is an
Expression which functions as a single unit and its meaning can not be worked out from its separate parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression can not predicated either lexically or grammatically. For example, kick the bucket means passed away, I'm walking in the sunlight in the literally it means
Feel happy.
Another common way of speaking non literally is through the use of figure
Of speech, such as simile, metaphore, irony, hyperbole, personification, etc. There are somany terms of speech, such as figurative meaning, figurative language and figurative expression.
Figurative Expression
Figurative expression are often arbitrary and conventional. The figurative
Expressions on a certain language may be different from another. They are
Mostly depending on the cultural background of themselves. Using figurative expression is by making imaginative description in fresh ways.
Wren (1981: 488) states
"Figurative expression is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect." It means that figurative expression is an expression that can be applied to imply an intended Meaning by giving an effect greatly different from what it literally. Or the other words we can say that figurative expression is the expressive use of the language in which the words are used in a non literal sense to give a special effect.
The increase of using figurative expression will be evidently enrich the vocabularies of the users. One can be considered to possess a great number of vocabularies provided that he or she understands well the meaning of the words or phrases literally. Therefore, figurative expression becomes essential in the learning vocabularies. There are two purposes of using figuratuve expression, namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The pragmatic purposen of using figurative expression is to appeal the sense of interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. While, the references goal of using figurative expression is to tell the viewer process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely.
Many kinds of Figurative Expression
There are many kinds of figurative expression. Taylor (1981: 167) has classified figurative expression into three groups. They are as follows:
There are many kinds of figurative expression. Taylor (1981: 167) has classified figurative expression into three groups. They are as follows:
- Comparison and substitution: simile, metaphor, allusion, metonimy, analogy and allegory
- Representation by substitution: synecdoche, personification, symbol.
- Contrast by discrepancy and inversion: overstatement, understatement, paradox (oxymoron), irony, verbal, sitoral and dramatic.
- The advent of disagreement consists of hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paranomasia, paralipsis and zeugma. (Contrastive figure of speech consists of hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paranomasia, paralipsis and zeugma) The comparative axle consists of parables, figures, penginsanan, sindi ran and antithesis. (Comparative figure of speech consists of simile, metaphore, personification, allegory and antithesis)
- The linkage mantle consists of metonimia, sinekdok, allusions, euphemism, ellipsis, inversion and gradation . (Linkage consists of metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis, inversion and gradation)
- Repetitive suits consist of alliteration, autanaclasis, kiasmus and repetition. (Repetition consists of alliteration, autanaklasis, kiasmus and repetition)
And the figurative expression that will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, simile, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes.
Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative expression which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Or methapor is a figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. Metaphor is well known as a stylistic feature of literature, but in fact there is no explanation of physical events in the material world. All abstract vocabulary is metaphorical, but in most cases the original language hides the metaphor from us. This appears is simile.
The following example is regarded as metaphor:
Sarah is an angel
In the expression above, shows us an example of metaphor. It is comparing two nouns, Sarah and angel. Possibly Sarah is a kind person just like an angel. So, the expression above metaphorically means Sarah is a kind person.
Simile
Simile compares two unlike objects that are similar to or almost
Similar. It expresses a similarity. The objects which are compared have to be
Different kind. Simile is usually indicated by using words like or as.
The following examples is regarded as simile:
1. Your eyes like the star
2. John swims like a fish
3. Peter is as brave as lion
In the first expression, it shares the eyes with the star. It does not mean that your eyes are so beautiful. In the second expression, shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that lives in the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can swimm well. So, the expression above means John can swim well. In the third expression, Peter's bravery is compared with a lion. Lion is a strong animal that lives in the jungle. So, the expression above means Peter is very brave.
Hyperbole
Is one exaggerated way which consists of an exaggerated statement which is not meant to be literary. It is also known as overstatement. It is used to emphasize a certain point with a statement containing an exaggeartion. It exaggerates the quality, size or number of something, sometimes for a fantastic degree in order to emphasize the point more. The following expression is considered as hyperbole:
Tom has not seen his mom for ages
In the expression above, the phrase 'for ages' indicates as an exaggeration.
Through the phrase, the speaker wants to emphasize that Tom has never seen his mom for a long time.
Personification
Personification is a kind of figurative expression in which an inanimate
Object given a human quality. In the other word, personification means giving
inhuman thing human qualities. A
figure that endows animals, ideals, abstraction and inanimate object with human
form, the representing of imaginary creatures of things as having human
personalities, intelligence and emotions it is reperesention of a thing or
abstraction in the format of pers
on.
The following examples are
considered as personification:
1. Life can twist your heart, put
you in the dark
2. My heart was asleep
In the first expression, the word
‘heart’ is described as something that has handsang feet to twist and put. The word
‘heart’ is considered as having human quality.
So. The expression means everything
can happen in our life.
In the second expression, the words
‘asleep’ as used to express human’s personal qualities. In this expression, means a
condition that someone has no feeling.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a kind of figurative
expressions which states one thing
partly instead of its universe or vice
versa.The following examples are considered as a synecdoche:
1. God will bless the hand that have
given donation for us.
2. We will see the competition
between Germany and England.
In the first expression, the word
‘hand’ refers to the people because hand is a part of human body. In the second expression, the
words ‘Germany and England’ are used as
substitution of some players of both countries.
Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a kind of figurative
expression that uses two words are
contradictory in meaning o produce a
rethorical effect by means of a concise
paradox.
The following example is considered
as oxymoron:
Childhood is so bittersweet.
In the expression above, the word
‘bittersweet’ indicates an oxymoron since the word ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ are
contradictory in meaning.
Irony
Irony is a kind of figurative
expression in which real meaning is
completely opposed to its surface
meaning. Irony is a way of speaking or writing by saying something while the meaning is
another. It refers to a situation in which reality differs from appearance. It
occurs in sentence or words when they imply contrast or opposite meaning.
The example below is considered as
irony:
Your handwriting is very good so I
can not read it
The expression above can be
considered as irony since the expression want to say that his handwriting is
very bad.
Related Study
In compiling this thesis, the writer
refers to some previous researches which are related with the thesis. Some of
them are follows:
Nurul Ramadhan (2008).
The Analysis of Non-Literal meaning
in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs. In her thesis,
she analyzed non literal meaning that exists in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to
Rock’s songs.
She concludes that there are 50
cases of non literal meaning found in Jascha
Richer’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to
Rock’s Songs and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 17 cases
and followed by metaphor (14 cases), simile (6 cases), personification (6
cases), euphemism (6 cases) and irony (1 case).
Syaiful Saleh KS (2008).
A Semantic Analysis of Figurative
Expressions in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. In his thesis, he
analyzed figurative expressions that exists in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man
and the Sea. He concludes that there are 67 cases of figurative expressions
found in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. They are 27 cases of
simile, 20 cases of
personification, 8 cases of
metaphor, 7 cases of synecdoche, 4 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of oxymoron.
Lisbet Pakpahan (2005).
An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in
Scorpion’s Song Lyrics.
In her thesis, she analyzed figurative meaning that exist in the lyrics of Scorpion's songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of figurative meaning found in 10 songs of Scorpion's and the most dominant one case hyperbole with total case 26 cases and followed by synecdoche (6 cases), metaphor (17 cases), simile (3 cases), euphemism (3 cases) and metonymy (2 cases). Finally, based on the review and as the writer stated above, the figurative expression, which will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes. The theory which is undertaken in analyzing all data in this thesis is the semantics theory which is proposed by FR Palmer.
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BalasHapusIts too long and please make spesific masitoh hahhaha , too long like ur feet :p
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HapusI think your article good masitoh..your blog simple but interesting..😊
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your article its not make me interesting to read this, :(
BalasHapusHey Masitoh , can you make the simple of the article , because Im less understand ! And can you give the sample of the article ? For ex ,you give the one sentence of the semantics .
BalasHapusYou try to mention and explain the opinions of other experts than you write? Because I really need expert opinion very much. Thank you
BalasHapusVeri2 norak, and Im veri boring to read your article because your backgroud veri2 norak
HapusHello masitoh..
BalasHapusYour article very good And the explanation is very detailed👍
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