Archive for Maret 2017
Pets pt. 1
0
Talking about Pets. (Pt. 1)
Rasa-rasanya, membicarakan mengenai hewan peliharaan tidak akan ada habisnya; baik itu mengenai anjing, kucing, bahkan hewan-hewan ekstrim sekalipun, semacam kadal, dan ular. Dan tidak, saya tidak akan berani menyentuh dua hewan terakhir, terkecuali axolotl. Ada sedikit keinginan untuk memelihara hewan menggemaskan pink itu. Meskipun saya masih memikirkan perhial budget.
Hewan yang berada di kediaman saya hanyalah sejenis hewan mamalia berkaki empat, mengeong, dan paling senang tidur.
Yap, kucing.
Yap, adalah kucing. Hewan dengan telinga berbentuk tiga telah lama mencuri hati saya. Sikap menggemaskan mereka, atau ketika mereka bergelung tepat di samping kita (atau kasusnya menyusup masuk ke dalam selimut saya; itu ahlinya Kuro), atau mengeong meminta diperhatikan.
Really, such a simple movements could made my day.
Tiga diatas adalah Prompto, Nyactis, dan Kuro.
(Iya, saya tahu yang kalian pikirkan. Saya memang Final Fantasy XV geeks. Menamai kucing saya dengan dua karakter dari game populer itu.)
Prompto adalah si kuning. Dia adalah kesayangan kakak lelaki saya. Tipikal kucing pada umumnya yah begitulah. Manja, suka dipangku, tidak berhenti tidur, dan sebagainya.
Tapi ada satu hal yang cukup menggelikan yang saya ingat betul.
Prompto suka sekali buang angin.
...uh, ya. Aneh memang. Kucing mana yang mau buang angin?
Saya akan mantap menjawab; ada, kucing saya. Namanya Prompto. Dan dia suka buang angin. (ketawa)
Tapi sungguh, dia adalah kucing bertabiat buruk tapi menggemaskan.
Ada Nyactis dan Kuro. Saya rasa kalian mampu membedakan keduanya. Dan, yah, tak ada yang banyak bisa saya ceritakan kecuali keduanya datang kerumah dalam kurun waktu berbeda, menjadi akrab bak ibu dan anak, lalu dekat dengan saya dan keluarga.
Masih ada beberapa ekor yang ingin saya ceritakan, tapi sekarang saya harus stop dulu. Insha allah, minggu depan saya akan datang dengan review beberapa make-up yang saya gunakan sehari-hari.
(Saya ada janji main ps4 malam ini di rumah seorang teman. LOL)
Well, jaa ne.
Kyuu Haru, out.
Rasa-rasanya, membicarakan mengenai hewan peliharaan tidak akan ada habisnya; baik itu mengenai anjing, kucing, bahkan hewan-hewan ekstrim sekalipun, semacam kadal, dan ular. Dan tidak, saya tidak akan berani menyentuh dua hewan terakhir, terkecuali axolotl. Ada sedikit keinginan untuk memelihara hewan menggemaskan pink itu. Meskipun saya masih memikirkan perhial budget.
Hewan yang berada di kediaman saya hanyalah sejenis hewan mamalia berkaki empat, mengeong, dan paling senang tidur.
Yap, kucing.
 |
| Three Musketeers! |
Really, such a simple movements could made my day.
Tiga diatas adalah Prompto, Nyactis, dan Kuro.
(Iya, saya tahu yang kalian pikirkan. Saya memang Final Fantasy XV geeks. Menamai kucing saya dengan dua karakter dari game populer itu.)
Prompto adalah si kuning. Dia adalah kesayangan kakak lelaki saya. Tipikal kucing pada umumnya yah begitulah. Manja, suka dipangku, tidak berhenti tidur, dan sebagainya.
Tapi ada satu hal yang cukup menggelikan yang saya ingat betul.
Prompto suka sekali buang angin.
...uh, ya. Aneh memang. Kucing mana yang mau buang angin?
Saya akan mantap menjawab; ada, kucing saya. Namanya Prompto. Dan dia suka buang angin. (ketawa)
Tapi sungguh, dia adalah kucing bertabiat buruk tapi menggemaskan.
Ada Nyactis dan Kuro. Saya rasa kalian mampu membedakan keduanya. Dan, yah, tak ada yang banyak bisa saya ceritakan kecuali keduanya datang kerumah dalam kurun waktu berbeda, menjadi akrab bak ibu dan anak, lalu dekat dengan saya dan keluarga.
Masih ada beberapa ekor yang ingin saya ceritakan, tapi sekarang saya harus stop dulu. Insha allah, minggu depan saya akan datang dengan review beberapa make-up yang saya gunakan sehari-hari.
(Saya ada janji main ps4 malam ini di rumah seorang teman. LOL)
Well, jaa ne.
Kyuu Haru, out.
Janji Tak Tertepati
0
"Apa benar pesawatmu sampai esok?"
Kubertanya pelan, menatap sosok yang jauh dari jangkauanku itu. Bisa bertemu hanya melalui aplikasi telepon video. Meski begitu, aku setidaknya bersyukur bisa bertegur sapa dengannya.
'Ya, begitulah.' kulihat ia yang tengah menikmati kripik kentang di depan kameranya, mengangguk. Aku hanya bisa mendengus geli melihatnya. Ia memang bisa bertingkah begitu sembrono dan menyebalkan. Makan disaat berkomunikasi itu sedikit tak sopan; pikirku. Tapi ia tak peduli, berapa kali kuperingatkan.
"Kalau begitu besok, ya. Jam berapa?" kulihat ia segera menjauh dari layar, grasak-grusuk mencari sesuatu, dan tak lama kembali. Menggaruk tengkuknya yang sepertinya tak gatal. Ditangannya terdapat sebuah tiket pesawat. 'Err... Jam 10 malam di sana, kurasa. Rentang waktu di sini dan Tokyo cukup jauh kan?'
Dalam hati ku mengamini perkataannya, bisa dibilang rentang waktu Tokyo dan Jerman sangatlah berbeda.
"Jadi... Sampai ketemu besok?"
'...ya. Sampai ketemu besok.'
.
.
.
.
.
Dengan bosan kumengetik. Sesekali menguap. Kostumer di depanku masih saja berisik meminta karya ilmiah nya segera di selesaikan. "Kakak tahu! Karya ilmiah ini penting untuk kami..." aku menulikan telinga begitu mulut bocah menyebalkan ini masih saja menyerocos. Gila! Pelanggan internet cafe makin hari makin ada-ada saja ulahnya. Kalau tidak ingat jumlah uang yang kuterima tiap bulan, mungkin sudah lama aku angkat kaki. Baru kali ini aku menemui anak sepantaran SMA menyuruh penjaga mengetikkan tugas.
"Oi, Akemi," Kualihkan pandangan, sosok botak tinggi menjulang dengan mata sipit yang tajam memandangku. Oh, si bos. Tatapannya masih saja bikin keder. "E-eh iya bos?!" Sontak saja aku menghentikan aktivitas; si bocah SMA itu memprotes, namun kuacuhkan. Si bos jauh lebih mengerikan daripada dirimu, nak.
"Shift-mu sudah selesai." Sontak aku terbelalak, mengarahkan pandangan mencari jam dinding terdekat. Danㅡ Holy crap! Ini sudah jam delapan lewat! Dengan cepat aku berkemas; melalui sudut mataku, kudapati sekarang si bos yang menempati posisiku, bertanya pada si bocah songong yang langsung ketakutan melihat bos kami. Ha! Rasakan! Tapi aku tak punya waktu untuk memperhatikan lebih lanjut hal itu. Berpamitan sekenanya pada bos, aku segera saja berlari.
Tak butuh waktu lama untuk melihat pemberhentian bus; kebetulan ada sebuah bus yang berhenti. Mempercepat lariku, aku segera saja menaiki bus itu. Tersengal, aku tak terbiasa berlari cepat seperti tadi. Baru saja mengambil tempat duduk yang nyaman, dering panggilan masuk dari ponselku mampu membuatku berjengit kaget. Mengambil benda komunikasi itu dari saku ku, sungguh tak kupercaya begitu melihat ID yang tertera. 'Baka-Sakuma.' tentu saja langsung ku angkat panggilannya, berusaha meredam detak jantungku yang mendadak menggila.
"Moshi-moshi, Sakuma?"
'Err, Akemiㅡ' aku sedikit keheranan mendengar keraguan pada suaranya, kebisingan bandara yang kentara kudengar jelas dari sini. "Bodoh! Kamu belum berangkat?!" terang saja aku bertanya, kalau dia belum berangkat, berarti aku harus menunggu lebih lama lagi di bandara. Crap.
'B-Bukan begitu!' kudengar dia panik, alisku menukik mendengarnya. Dan tak lama helaan nafas terdengar dari sisi seberang sana.
'Aku mau bicara, Akemi.'
"…" Tak kusela apa yang ingin ia bicarakan, kelanjur penasaran. Apa yang ingin Sakuma sampaikan sampai-sampai ia begituㅡ
'Aku suka kamu, Akemi-chan.'
Serius...
...HAH?! "…Hah?! Kau serius?!" Ku tak bohong kalau saat ini aku terkejut. Maksudku, mendapat pernyataan cinta secara mendadak begini, siapa yang tak kaget, coba.
'Tentu saja.' kudengar suaranya menegas, baru pertama kali kudengar Sakuma seperti itu. Ia begitu serius. Dadaku berdesir, menggila rasanya. 'Aku serius terhadapmu, baka-tsundere.' Aku tentu saja kebingungan. Aku bahkan tak menyadari wajahku segera memanas saat itu. Pemikiranku blank. Bukannya aku tak menyukai Sakuma; tidak, malah aku menyukai pria itu. Sangat. Ia berbeda, tak seperti temanku atau yang lain. Ia memberikanku kenyamanan yang tak biasa.
"…mungkin saat kau sudah sampai aku harus memberikanmu pelukan, ya." Kuucapkan dengan lirih, dan yang terakhir kudengar adalah teriakan semangat dari Sakuma sebelum kuputus telepon.
'Kau serius?!'
"Tidak ada siaran ulang, Baka-Sakuma!"
...sialan.
.
.
.
.
.
Nyatanya, pelukan yang kujanjikan tak pernah sampai padamu. Nyatanya, pesawatmu yang kutumpangi tak pernah mendarat di Tokyo. Kecelakaan merubah segalanya. Kecelakaan pesawat yang berakhir menenggelamkan burung besi di lautan itu, membunuh seluruh nyawa yang berada di dalamnya. Termasuk dirimu. Kecelakaan yang terjadi tepat sejam setelah keberangkatan.
"…Kau pembohong, Sakuma."
Dan akhirnya, yang kulakukan hanya bisa menangis. Dalam diam. Aku ingin meratapi jasadmu yang tak kembali lagi. Tapi percuma rasanya, sesak. Serak memanggilmu kembali berkali-kali. Namun kamu tak juga kembali.
Aku benci, ketika janji tak mampu kita tepati...
/Fin?/
An original oneshot(?)
by Kyuu Haru
...
"Apa benar pesawatmu sampai esok?"
Kubertanya pelan, menatap sosok yang jauh dari jangkauanku itu. Bisa bertemu hanya melalui aplikasi telepon video. Meski begitu, aku setidaknya bersyukur bisa bertegur sapa dengannya.
'Ya, begitulah.' kulihat ia yang tengah menikmati kripik kentang di depan kameranya, mengangguk. Aku hanya bisa mendengus geli melihatnya. Ia memang bisa bertingkah begitu sembrono dan menyebalkan. Makan disaat berkomunikasi itu sedikit tak sopan; pikirku. Tapi ia tak peduli, berapa kali kuperingatkan.
"Kalau begitu besok, ya. Jam berapa?" kulihat ia segera menjauh dari layar, grasak-grusuk mencari sesuatu, dan tak lama kembali. Menggaruk tengkuknya yang sepertinya tak gatal. Ditangannya terdapat sebuah tiket pesawat. 'Err... Jam 10 malam di sana, kurasa. Rentang waktu di sini dan Tokyo cukup jauh kan?'
Dalam hati ku mengamini perkataannya, bisa dibilang rentang waktu Tokyo dan Jerman sangatlah berbeda.
"Jadi... Sampai ketemu besok?"
'...ya. Sampai ketemu besok.'
.
.
.
.
.
Dengan bosan kumengetik. Sesekali menguap. Kostumer di depanku masih saja berisik meminta karya ilmiah nya segera di selesaikan. "Kakak tahu! Karya ilmiah ini penting untuk kami..." aku menulikan telinga begitu mulut bocah menyebalkan ini masih saja menyerocos. Gila! Pelanggan internet cafe makin hari makin ada-ada saja ulahnya. Kalau tidak ingat jumlah uang yang kuterima tiap bulan, mungkin sudah lama aku angkat kaki. Baru kali ini aku menemui anak sepantaran SMA menyuruh penjaga mengetikkan tugas.
"Oi, Akemi," Kualihkan pandangan, sosok botak tinggi menjulang dengan mata sipit yang tajam memandangku. Oh, si bos. Tatapannya masih saja bikin keder. "E-eh iya bos?!" Sontak saja aku menghentikan aktivitas; si bocah SMA itu memprotes, namun kuacuhkan. Si bos jauh lebih mengerikan daripada dirimu, nak.
"Shift-mu sudah selesai." Sontak aku terbelalak, mengarahkan pandangan mencari jam dinding terdekat. Danㅡ Holy crap! Ini sudah jam delapan lewat! Dengan cepat aku berkemas; melalui sudut mataku, kudapati sekarang si bos yang menempati posisiku, bertanya pada si bocah songong yang langsung ketakutan melihat bos kami. Ha! Rasakan! Tapi aku tak punya waktu untuk memperhatikan lebih lanjut hal itu. Berpamitan sekenanya pada bos, aku segera saja berlari.
Tak butuh waktu lama untuk melihat pemberhentian bus; kebetulan ada sebuah bus yang berhenti. Mempercepat lariku, aku segera saja menaiki bus itu. Tersengal, aku tak terbiasa berlari cepat seperti tadi. Baru saja mengambil tempat duduk yang nyaman, dering panggilan masuk dari ponselku mampu membuatku berjengit kaget. Mengambil benda komunikasi itu dari saku ku, sungguh tak kupercaya begitu melihat ID yang tertera. 'Baka-Sakuma.' tentu saja langsung ku angkat panggilannya, berusaha meredam detak jantungku yang mendadak menggila.
"Moshi-moshi, Sakuma?"
'Err, Akemiㅡ' aku sedikit keheranan mendengar keraguan pada suaranya, kebisingan bandara yang kentara kudengar jelas dari sini. "Bodoh! Kamu belum berangkat?!" terang saja aku bertanya, kalau dia belum berangkat, berarti aku harus menunggu lebih lama lagi di bandara. Crap.
'B-Bukan begitu!' kudengar dia panik, alisku menukik mendengarnya. Dan tak lama helaan nafas terdengar dari sisi seberang sana.
'Aku mau bicara, Akemi.'
"…" Tak kusela apa yang ingin ia bicarakan, kelanjur penasaran. Apa yang ingin Sakuma sampaikan sampai-sampai ia begituㅡ
'Aku suka kamu, Akemi-chan.'
Serius...
...HAH?! "…Hah?! Kau serius?!" Ku tak bohong kalau saat ini aku terkejut. Maksudku, mendapat pernyataan cinta secara mendadak begini, siapa yang tak kaget, coba.
'Tentu saja.' kudengar suaranya menegas, baru pertama kali kudengar Sakuma seperti itu. Ia begitu serius. Dadaku berdesir, menggila rasanya. 'Aku serius terhadapmu, baka-tsundere.' Aku tentu saja kebingungan. Aku bahkan tak menyadari wajahku segera memanas saat itu. Pemikiranku blank. Bukannya aku tak menyukai Sakuma; tidak, malah aku menyukai pria itu. Sangat. Ia berbeda, tak seperti temanku atau yang lain. Ia memberikanku kenyamanan yang tak biasa.
"…mungkin saat kau sudah sampai aku harus memberikanmu pelukan, ya." Kuucapkan dengan lirih, dan yang terakhir kudengar adalah teriakan semangat dari Sakuma sebelum kuputus telepon.
'Kau serius?!'
"Tidak ada siaran ulang, Baka-Sakuma!"
...sialan.
.
.
.
.
.
Nyatanya, pelukan yang kujanjikan tak pernah sampai padamu. Nyatanya, pesawatmu yang kutumpangi tak pernah mendarat di Tokyo. Kecelakaan merubah segalanya. Kecelakaan pesawat yang berakhir menenggelamkan burung besi di lautan itu, membunuh seluruh nyawa yang berada di dalamnya. Termasuk dirimu. Kecelakaan yang terjadi tepat sejam setelah keberangkatan.
"…Kau pembohong, Sakuma."
Dan akhirnya, yang kulakukan hanya bisa menangis. Dalam diam. Aku ingin meratapi jasadmu yang tak kembali lagi. Tapi percuma rasanya, sesak. Serak memanggilmu kembali berkali-kali. Namun kamu tak juga kembali.
Aku benci, ketika janji tak mampu kita tepati...
/Fin?/
Semantics
11
The increase of using figurative expression will be evidently enrich the vocabularies of the users. One can be considered to possess a great number of vocabularies provided that he or she understands well the meaning of the words or phrases literally. Therefore, figurative expression becomes essential in the learning vocabularies. There are two purposes of using figuratuve expression, namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The pragmatic purposen of using figurative expression is to appeal the sense of interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. While, the references goal of using figurative expression is to tell the viewer process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely.
1. Your eyes like the star
In the first expression, it shares the eyes with the star. It does not mean that your eyes are so beautiful. In the second expression, shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that lives in the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can swimm well. So, the expression above means John can swim well. In the third expression, Peter's bravery is compared with a lion. Lion is a strong animal that lives in the jungle. So, the expression above means Peter is very brave.
Tom has not seen his mom for ages
Semantics
Semantics is the learning of meaning of the words/ sentences.
Yet, its different from catathroopa. From the examples above, both examples refer to a certain individual or the
Same reference that is 'father'. The phrase 'The man who is my father describes' the father of the blood' and 'the man who married my mother' describes' the step father '.
Meaning
Language is an inportant tools of human being to communicate one
Another. The language, which is used by the human beings as tools of
Communication, indicate a certain meaning. The word "meaning" is simply derived from the word "mean". There are some definitions of meaning as suggested by semanticist. They are as follow:
- Richard (1985: 172) in Saleh (2008) says "Meaning is what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary word.
- Lyons (1977: 4) says "Meaning is a word of ordinary, every day vocabulary of English."
- Bloomfield (1933: 139) defines "Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer."
Linguistics and Speaker Meaning
In general, the linguistic meaning of an expression is simply the meaning
Or meanings of that expression in some form of language. Which is mean that, linguistics is the learn of language.
1. The boy runs
2. The bean plants run
3. Her stockings run
In those example, the word 'run' has more than one linguistics meaning base on the dictionary. Speaker meaning is what a speaker means when producing his or her utterances. Sometimes, the speakers say may say it different from its meaning.
Richard (1985: 134) in Saleh (2008:) says that idiom is an
Expression which functions as a single unit and its meaning can not be worked out from its separate parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression can not predicated either lexically or grammatically. For example, kick the bucket means passed away, I'm walking in the sunlight in the literally it means
Feel happy.
Another common way of speaking non literally is through the use of figure
Of speech, such as simile, metaphore, irony, hyperbole, personification, etc. There are somany terms of speech, such as figurative meaning, figurative language and figurative expression.
Figurative Expression
Figurative expression are often arbitrary and conventional. The figurative
Expressions on a certain language may be different from another. They are
Mostly depending on the cultural background of themselves. Using figurative expression is by making imaginative description in fresh ways.
Wren (1981: 488) states
"Figurative expression is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect." It means that figurative expression is an expression that can be applied to imply an intended Meaning by giving an effect greatly different from what it literally. Or the other words we can say that figurative expression is the expressive use of the language in which the words are used in a non literal sense to give a special effect.
The increase of using figurative expression will be evidently enrich the vocabularies of the users. One can be considered to possess a great number of vocabularies provided that he or she understands well the meaning of the words or phrases literally. Therefore, figurative expression becomes essential in the learning vocabularies. There are two purposes of using figuratuve expression, namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. The pragmatic purposen of using figurative expression is to appeal the sense of interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. While, the references goal of using figurative expression is to tell the viewer process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely.
Many kinds of Figurative Expression
There are many kinds of figurative expression. Taylor (1981: 167) has classified figurative expression into three groups. They are as follows:
There are many kinds of figurative expression. Taylor (1981: 167) has classified figurative expression into three groups. They are as follows:
- Comparison and substitution: simile, metaphor, allusion, metonimy, analogy and allegory
- Representation by substitution: synecdoche, personification, symbol.
- Contrast by discrepancy and inversion: overstatement, understatement, paradox (oxymoron), irony, verbal, sitoral and dramatic.
- The advent of disagreement consists of hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paranomasia, paralipsis and zeugma. (Contrastive figure of speech consists of hyperbole, litotes, irony, oxymoron, paranomasia, paralipsis and zeugma) The comparative axle consists of parables, figures, penginsanan, sindi ran and antithesis. (Comparative figure of speech consists of simile, metaphore, personification, allegory and antithesis)
- The linkage mantle consists of metonimia, sinekdok, allusions, euphemism, ellipsis, inversion and gradation . (Linkage consists of metonymy, synecdoche, allusion, euphemism, ellipsis, inversion and gradation)
- Repetitive suits consist of alliteration, autanaclasis, kiasmus and repetition. (Repetition consists of alliteration, autanaklasis, kiasmus and repetition)
And the figurative expression that will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, simile, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes.
Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative expression which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Or methapor is a figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. Metaphor is well known as a stylistic feature of literature, but in fact there is no explanation of physical events in the material world. All abstract vocabulary is metaphorical, but in most cases the original language hides the metaphor from us. This appears is simile.
The following example is regarded as metaphor:
Sarah is an angel
In the expression above, shows us an example of metaphor. It is comparing two nouns, Sarah and angel. Possibly Sarah is a kind person just like an angel. So, the expression above metaphorically means Sarah is a kind person.
Simile
Simile compares two unlike objects that are similar to or almost
Similar. It expresses a similarity. The objects which are compared have to be
Different kind. Simile is usually indicated by using words like or as.
The following examples is regarded as simile:
1. Your eyes like the star
2. John swims like a fish
3. Peter is as brave as lion
In the first expression, it shares the eyes with the star. It does not mean that your eyes are so beautiful. In the second expression, shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that lives in the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can swimm well. So, the expression above means John can swim well. In the third expression, Peter's bravery is compared with a lion. Lion is a strong animal that lives in the jungle. So, the expression above means Peter is very brave.
Hyperbole
Is one exaggerated way which consists of an exaggerated statement which is not meant to be literary. It is also known as overstatement. It is used to emphasize a certain point with a statement containing an exaggeartion. It exaggerates the quality, size or number of something, sometimes for a fantastic degree in order to emphasize the point more. The following expression is considered as hyperbole:
Tom has not seen his mom for ages
In the expression above, the phrase 'for ages' indicates as an exaggeration.
Through the phrase, the speaker wants to emphasize that Tom has never seen his mom for a long time.
Personification
Personification is a kind of figurative expression in which an inanimate
Object given a human quality. In the other word, personification means giving
inhuman thing human qualities. A
figure that endows animals, ideals, abstraction and inanimate object with human
form, the representing of imaginary creatures of things as having human
personalities, intelligence and emotions it is reperesention of a thing or
abstraction in the format of pers
on.
The following examples are
considered as personification:
1. Life can twist your heart, put
you in the dark
2. My heart was asleep
In the first expression, the word
‘heart’ is described as something that has handsang feet to twist and put. The word
‘heart’ is considered as having human quality.
So. The expression means everything
can happen in our life.
In the second expression, the words
‘asleep’ as used to express human’s personal qualities. In this expression, means a
condition that someone has no feeling.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a kind of figurative
expressions which states one thing
partly instead of its universe or vice
versa.The following examples are considered as a synecdoche:
1. God will bless the hand that have
given donation for us.
2. We will see the competition
between Germany and England.
In the first expression, the word
‘hand’ refers to the people because hand is a part of human body. In the second expression, the
words ‘Germany and England’ are used as
substitution of some players of both countries.
Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a kind of figurative
expression that uses two words are
contradictory in meaning o produce a
rethorical effect by means of a concise
paradox.
The following example is considered
as oxymoron:
Childhood is so bittersweet.
In the expression above, the word
‘bittersweet’ indicates an oxymoron since the word ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ are
contradictory in meaning.
Irony
Irony is a kind of figurative
expression in which real meaning is
completely opposed to its surface
meaning. Irony is a way of speaking or writing by saying something while the meaning is
another. It refers to a situation in which reality differs from appearance. It
occurs in sentence or words when they imply contrast or opposite meaning.
The example below is considered as
irony:
Your handwriting is very good so I
can not read it
The expression above can be
considered as irony since the expression want to say that his handwriting is
very bad.
Related Study
In compiling this thesis, the writer
refers to some previous researches which are related with the thesis. Some of
them are follows:
Nurul Ramadhan (2008).
The Analysis of Non-Literal meaning
in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs. In her thesis,
she analyzed non literal meaning that exists in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to
Rock’s songs.
She concludes that there are 50
cases of non literal meaning found in Jascha
Richer’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to
Rock’s Songs and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 17 cases
and followed by metaphor (14 cases), simile (6 cases), personification (6
cases), euphemism (6 cases) and irony (1 case).
Syaiful Saleh KS (2008).
A Semantic Analysis of Figurative
Expressions in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. In his thesis, he
analyzed figurative expressions that exists in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man
and the Sea. He concludes that there are 67 cases of figurative expressions
found in Ernest Hemmingway’s the Old Man and the Sea. They are 27 cases of
simile, 20 cases of
personification, 8 cases of
metaphor, 7 cases of synecdoche, 4 cases of hyperbole and 1 case of oxymoron.
Lisbet Pakpahan (2005).
An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in
Scorpion’s Song Lyrics.
In her thesis, she analyzed figurative meaning that exist in the lyrics of Scorpion's songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of figurative meaning found in 10 songs of Scorpion's and the most dominant one case hyperbole with total case 26 cases and followed by synecdoche (6 cases), metaphor (17 cases), simile (3 cases), euphemism (3 cases) and metonymy (2 cases). Finally, based on the review and as the writer stated above, the figurative expression, which will be analyzed in this thesis are metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, irony and oxymoron that exist in Ecclesiastes. The theory which is undertaken in analyzing all data in this thesis is the semantics theory which is proposed by FR Palmer.
What is Linguistics
15
About to expand my limited knowledge with linguistics, so here. Enjoy.
It may be wrong on typing, grammar, and limited amount of materials. Yet, once again I hope you enjoy it. Dont forget to leave some nice critism for me.
Linguistics is the study of language - how it is put together and how it
functions. Various building blocks of various types and sizes are combined to
create a language. Sounds are brought together and sometimes when this happens,
they change their shape and do things that are interesting. The words are
arranged in a specific order, and sometimes the beginning and end of words are
changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the
wording and with the knowledge of the speaker about what the listener will
understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this.
Historical Linguistics is the study of how languages have changed over time. Some changes happen because of slow (maybe incremental) changes within the language, such as in pronunciation or in the meaning of a word. Other changes happen because of contact with speakers of other languages. The most well know example of this is "borrowing," but language contact can cause other types of change as well. It can be interesting to compare phonology, syntax and word lists of similar or geographically close languages to see how similar they are.
Some linguists then use this information to figure out the past of the languages, such as when two languages split from each other. Combined with other known facts about the speakers of the language, it can lead to important discoveries about their history.
Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature of language.
What properties do all human languages have in common? How do languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find patterns in the differences? How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a language in such a short time? What are the ways in which languages can change over time, and are there limitations to how languages change? What is the nature of the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and understand language?
What is Linguistics?
About to expand my limited knowledge with linguistics, so here. Enjoy.
It may be wrong on typing, grammar, and limited amount of materials. Yet, once again I hope you enjoy it. Dont forget to leave some nice critism for me.
Historical Linguistics is the study of how languages have changed over time. Some changes happen because of slow (maybe incremental) changes within the language, such as in pronunciation or in the meaning of a word. Other changes happen because of contact with speakers of other languages. The most well know example of this is "borrowing," but language contact can cause other types of change as well. It can be interesting to compare phonology, syntax and word lists of similar or geographically close languages to see how similar they are.
Some linguists then use this information to figure out the past of the languages, such as when two languages split from each other. Combined with other known facts about the speakers of the language, it can lead to important discoveries about their history.
Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing. Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature of language.
What properties do all human languages have in common? How do languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find patterns in the differences? How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a language in such a short time? What are the ways in which languages can change over time, and are there limitations to how languages change? What is the nature of the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and understand language?
The part of linguistics that is concerned with
the structure of language is divided into a number of subfields:
- Phonetics - the study of speech sounds in their physical aspects
Phonetics is the
study of the sounds of speech. It includes understanding how sounds are made
using the mouth, nose, teeth and tongue, and also understanding how the ear
hears those sounds and can tell them apart. A study of phonetics
involves practicing producing (sometimes exotic) sounds, and figuring out
which sound you heard. The wave form of each sound can be analysed with the
help of computer programs. In sign language, phonetics refers to the the
possible shapes, movements and use of physical space.
- Phonology - the study of speech sounds in their cognitive aspec
Phonology makes
use of the phonetics in order to see how sounds or signs are arranged in a
system for each language. In phonology, it matters whether sounds are
contrastive or not, that is, whether substituting one sound for another gives a
different, or "contrastive," meaning. For example in English, [r] and
[l] are two different sounds - and the words "road" and
"load" differ according to which of these sounds is used. But in some
languages, [r] and [l] are variations of the same sound. They could never make
a meaning difference in words that differ by only that sound. Phonologists
describe the contrastive consonants and vowels in a language, and how
pronunciation is affected by the position of the sound in the word and the
sounds that are nearby. They are also interested in syllables, phrases, rhythm,
tone, and intonation.ts
- Morphology - the study of the formation of words
Morphology looks at how
individual words are formed from smaller chunks of meaningful units called
morphemes. For example, the English word 'untied' is really made up of three
parts, one refering to the process of reversing an action (un-), one indicating
the action of twisting stringlike things together so they stay (tie), and the
last indicating that the action happened in the past (-d). Many languages have
a much more complex way of putting words together. Morphology interacts in
important ways with both phonology (bringing sounds together can cause them to
change) and syntax, which needs to pay attention to the form of a word when it
combines it with other words.
- Syntax - the study of the formation of sentences
Syntax is the
study of how phrases, clauses and sentences are constructed and combined in
particular languages. Writing a grammar requires defining the rules that govern
the structure of the sentences of the language. Such rules involve both the
order of words, and the form of words in their various possible positions.
There are common patterns among even unrelated languages, and many linguists
believe this is the result of general principles which apply to most, if not
all, languages. For example, languages where the direct object generally
follows the verb have a lot of things in common, in contrast to the things in
common held by languages in which the direct object generally precedes the
verb.
- Semantics - the study of meaning
Semantics is the study of
meaning. It focuses on the relation between words, phrases and other bits of
language and on how these words and phrases connect to the world. Pragmatics is similar, but it
involves the study of how speakers of a language use the language to
communicate and accomplish what they want. Pragmatics looks more at the
relationship between speaker and listener which allows assumptions to be made
about the intended message, considering, for example, the way context contributes
to meaning. A classic example is where someone is asked "Do you want some
coffee?" Does the reply "Coffee will keep me awake" mean yes or
no? It depends whether the person wants to stay awake - and the questioner will
only understand the intended meaning if they know whether the person wants to
stay awake.
- Pragmatics - the study of language use
Aside from language structure, other
perspectives on language are represented in specialized or interdisciplinary
branches:
- Historical Linguistics
- Sociolinguistics
- Psycholinguistics
- Ethnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)
- Dialectology
- Computational Linguistics
- Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics
Because language is such a central feature of
being a human, Linguistics has intellectual connections and overlaps with many
other disciplines in the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural
sciences. Some of the closest connections are with Philosophy, Literature,
Language Pedagogy, Psychology, Sociology, Physics (acoustics), Biology (anatomy,
neuroscience), Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Health Sciences
(Aphasia, Speech Therapy). The main purpose of the study of Linguistics in an
academic environment is the advancement of knowledge. However, because of the
centrality of language in human interaction and behavior, the knowledge gained
through the study of linguistics has many practical consequences and uses.
Ø Definition of Linguistics
1. W.N. FRANCIS (1985: 13) defines that linguistic change is as
a system of articulation (pronunciation) sound used by a group of people as a
treasure in the affairs of their community.
2. FINOCCHIORO
(1974: 3)
that linguistics is a system change (changing), which allows sound to human
arbitrarily use in providing a culture, or others who have studied the system
of the culture, to communicate and interact.
3. PEI and Gaynor (1954: 119)
divide
that linguistic communication systems with sound, i, e, as a tool in speech
(speaking) and heard. Among the human community must use sound symbols that
have meaning changes according to the culture (customs) respectively.
4. WARDHAUGH (1972: 3) defines that linguistics is a system
of symbols sounds (vocal) used by humans to communicate.
5. GRREENE (1972: 25) linguistics is the rule of all
sentences are possible (right); and grammar (grammar) of a language is rules
that distinguish between the sentence and not the sentence.
6. Chomsky (1957: 13) defines that linguistics is as a rule
(finite or infinite-restricted or unrestricted) of the sentence is partially
limited in long sentences and ideas that come out of a finite sentence rule
from the elements.
Conclusion:
After reading the
definitions above, I can draw the conclusion that linguistics is the study of
language structure, rules of language, symbols sounds of language and
everything related to the language generally used by the public as a means to
exchange information between the tribes ofthe tribe another or one country to
another country.
